Six Sigma Glossary - II

Six Sigma Glossary
Defect
A failure to meet an imposed requirement on a single quality characteristic or a single instance of nonconformance to the specification.
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO)
The number of defects counted, divided by the actual number of opportunities to make a defect, then multiplied by one million. A direct measure of sigma level.

Defects Per Unit (DPU)
The number of defects counted, divided by the number of products or characteristics produced. A process of counting and reducing defects as an initial step toward Six Sigma quality.

Defective
A unit of product containing one or more defects.

Design For Manufacturability (DFM)
A concept in which products are designed within the current manufacturing process capability to ensure that engineering requirements are met during production.

Design of Experiments (DOE)
Statistical experimental designs to economically improve product and process quality. A major tool used during the “Improve Phase” of Six Sigma methodology.

Distributions
Tendency of large numbers of observations to group themselves around some central value with a certain amount of variation or “scatter” on either side.

Effect
That which was produced by a cause.

Experiment
A test under defined conditions to determine an unknown effect; to illustrate or verify a known law; to test or establish a hypothesis.

Experimental Error
A test under defined conditions to determine an unknown effect; to illustrate or verify a known law; to test or establish a hypothesis.

“Factory” Processes
For Six Sigma purposes, defined as design, manufacturing, assembly or test processes which directly impact hardware (see also transaction processes).

Fishbone Diagram
A schematic sketch, usually resembling a fishbone, which illustrates the main causes and sub causes leading to an effect (symptom). Also known as Cause-And-Effect Diagram.

Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA)
A process in which each potential failure mode in every sub-item of an item is analyzed to determine its effect on other sub-items and on the required function of the item.

“Five Ms”
Major sources of variation: manpower, machine, method, material and measurement.Additionally, “environment” is considered to be a source of variation.

Frequency Distribution
The pattern or shape formed by the group of measurements in a distribution.

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